Protecting the privacy of individuals has always been considered a global principle by international institutions and has been stipulated in many international documents. Nowadays, lawmakers have considered personal data more than ever due to the fast pace of the technology and consequently the availability of personal data in cyberspace, their ease of transfer, and the convenience of their processing.The EU has been a frontrunner and, as a comprehensive alternative to the EU Data Protection Act, set out the International Document of General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) in April 2016, which was approved and implemented by the European Parliament on May 25, 2018. This article aims to demonstrate the scope of personal data and its protection in the General Data Protection Regulations as an international document and Iran's legal system. It further recommends some improvements in cyberspace infrastructures and regulations and the necessity of better designating regulatory bodies to protect individual privacy better

Although “ Data” do not in principle come under exclusive protection and are subject of data-sharing principle، certain occasional benefits may necessarily make them to be protected on an exceptional and sui-generis basis. “ Test data” fall within the scope of such exceptional cases. Protection of test data carried out by countries are based on their largescale policies and in proportion to their extent of development. This has caused a remarkable diversity in forms of protection. Protection of test data has been considered in international instruments. The most significant one is the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Article 39. 3 of TRIPS، in particular، deals with protection of test data. This article first attempts to define test data and to review necessity for tools of test data protection based on Article 39. 3 of TRIPS. Then، it proposes a suitable form of protection for Iran as a developing country.

While the European Union and the United States have each designed their own model for personal data protection, China is swiftly developing a particular data protection system in order to have power and competitive advantage over European countries, the United States and Japan. To explain the model, this article seeks to answer the question: what are the main features of the Chinese personal data protection model? Has China been impressed by the American or European model? For this purpose, the specific model designed by this country based on American and European patterns has been explained and analyzed. The results show that by imposing fragmented and sectoral regulations, China had first taken a similar approach to the United States’ in the field of data protection. It has then gradually moved towards the European approach and considered adoption of a comprehensive data protection law. Eventually, however, it has taken different approaches regarding the private and public sectors, data localization and restrictions on cross-border data transfer. Given that Iran has also just started the design of a data protection system, being informed about these approaches, especially the Chinese one, can put their strengths and weaknesses before Iranian policymakers and legislators.

Big data represents a vast collection of information that is rapidly expanding, offering numerous political, economic, and technological competitive advantages to individuals, companies, and governments. Although still in the early stages of development, big data is becoming a strategic asset, with many organizations investing heavily in data projects to gain a competitive edge. This article aims to describe and explain big data from a technical perspective, evaluate its impact on privacy, assess its positive and negative effects on human life, and explore legal methods for protecting big data.The study examines the legal frameworks of various jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union, and Iran, in supporting databases. Furthermore, international efforts to protect big data are analysed, alongside intellectual property rights systems such as copyright, patents, and trade secrets, to determine their applicability to the big data phenomenon.

In today's digital era, where the internet and digital technologies play an integral role in children's lives, safeguarding their data has become critical. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union stands as one of the most comprehensive legal frameworks addressing this concern. It mandates parental consent for data processing, promotes the use of simple language for children's understanding, and upholds the right to data deletion. Additionally, the GDPR enforces strict limitations on processing children's data and ensures specific rights to them. However, Iran's legal system still lacks a structured and comprehensive regulatory framework for protecting children's data. Although initiatives like the "Personal Data Protection and Support Plan" have been introduced, they fail to explicitly prioritize children's data protection. The rapid growth of online platforms and services targeting children has raised serious concerns about privacy and data security. Social media, educational applications, and gaming platforms often collect and process children's data without adequate safeguards, exposing them to potential risks such as identity theft, unauthorized profiling, and targeted advertising. The GDPR has sought to address these concerns by introducing stringent measures that hold data controllers accountable for the lawful and transparent processing of children's data. Conversely, Iran’s legal framework remains underdeveloped in this area, lacking clear guidelines and enforcement mechanisms to ensure children’s data privacy. Keywords: Child, Personal Data, Protection, General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 1. IntroductionChildren are increasingly engaged in digital environments, making their data vulnerable to misuse and exploitation. The internet has revolutionized access to information, communication, and entertainment, allowing children to interact in virtual spaces that were previously inaccessible. However, this increased connectivity has also led to new challenges concerning privacy, security, and digital rights. With the expansion of digital technologies, children’s data has become a valuable commodity for companies and organizations that seek to analyze user behavior, target advertisements, and develop consumer profiles. This commercialization of data has raised ethical and legal concerns, particularly regarding the extent to which children's information should be collected, stored, and processed.While digital platforms provide numerous benefits, such as educational resources and social networking opportunities, they also expose children to potential risks. Cyberbullying, identity theft, and exploitation are just some of the dangers that children face in the online world. The lack of legal literacy among children, coupled with their limited understanding of privacy policies, makes them particularly vulnerable to data misuse. Consequently, there is an urgent need for governments and regulatory bodies to implement policies that protect children from these threats and ensure their digital rights are safeguarded.The GDPR was introduced to address these challenges by establishing a legal framework that prioritizes the protection of children's data. By requiring companies to obtain parental consent before processing children's data, the GDPR aims to reduce unauthorized data collection and provide greater transparency in how data is used. Furthermore, the regulation emphasizes the need for child-friendly privacy policies that are easy to understand and accessible to younger audiences. These measures ensure that children and their guardians can make informed decisions about their digital presence and the data they share online.Despite the advancements brought by the GDPR, many countries, including Iran, have yet to implement comparable regulations. Iran's current legal framework on data protection is fragmented and lacks specific provisions that address children's online privacy. While some legislative efforts have been made, such as the proposed "Personal Data Protection and Support Plan," they fail to comprehensively address children's digital rights. This gap in regulation leaves Iranian children exposed to potential data exploitation without adequate legal recourse.The primary objective of this study is to compare GDPR's child data protection mechanisms with Iran's current legal framework and to highlight the gaps that necessitate legal reforms. By analyzing both legal systems, this research aims to provide insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with protecting children's online privacy in Iran. Additionally, the study explores the broader socio-cultural implications of implementing stricter data protection policies and the potential impact on businesses, education systems, and digital governance.With the proliferation of digital technologies, children's data is often collected, processed, and stored without their informed consent. The absence of comprehensive regulations in Iran leaves children susceptible to online threats, including cyberbullying, unauthorized data sharing, and surveillance. Given these challenges, the study aims to provide a comparative legal analysis that will assist policymakers in formulating effective data protection strategies tailored to children's needs. By drawing lessons from the GDPR, Iran can develop a robust legal framework that prioritizes children's digital rights and ensures that their data remains secure in an increasingly connected world. 2. MethodologyThis study employs a comparative legal analysis method, examining the GDPR’s provisions on children's data protection alongside Iranian laws. Data is gathered from legislative documents, legal analyses, and international reports on children's digital privacy. The study also incorporates case studies and expert opinions to identify key areas where Iran's legal system requires improvement. The analysis further explores the socio-cultural implications of adopting stricter data protection policies in Iran.A qualitative research approach is utilized, involving document analysis and expert interviews to assess the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks. Furthermore, international best practices are reviewed to propose policy recommendations that align with global standards. By adopting a multidisciplinary perspective, the study aims to bridge the legal and technological gaps in child data protection. 3. Results and DiscussionThe study identifies several key differences between GDPR and Iranian laws regarding children's data protection:Age of Consent: The GDPR sets the digital age of consent at 16, allowing member states to reduce it to 13. Iran, however, follows Islamic legal age definitions (9 years for girls, 15 for boys), which significantly undermines children's ability to make informed privacy decisions. The discrepancy between the legal age of consent in Iran and international norms exposes Iranian children to potential data exploitation. Transparency and Language: The GDPR mandates that digital service providers use child-friendly, simple language in privacy policies. Iranian regulations lack explicit provisions requiring clear and understandable communication with children. Without accessible privacy policies, children in Iran are less likely to understand their digital rights and responsibilities. Marketing and Data Use Restrictions: GDPR imposes strict limits on the use of children's data for marketing and profiling, whereas Iranian laws do not explicitly prohibit data exploitation for commercial purposes. As a result, children in Iran may be targeted by advertisers and data brokers without adequate legal protections. Right to Data Deletion: Under the GDPR, children have the right to request data deletion, an essential safeguard against long-term privacy risks. Iran's legal system lacks explicit guarantees for such rights, leaving children's digital footprints unprotected. The absence of a "right to be forgotten" provision in Iran further complicates efforts to safeguard children's online privacy.The findings highlight the need for urgent reforms in Iran’s legal framework to align with global best practices. Implementing child-specific data protection measures can reduce the risk of cyber exploitation and unauthorized data processing. Additionally, integrating privacy education into school curricula can empower children and parents to navigate digital environments safely.A comprehensive policy shift is required to ensure that Iran adopts child-centric data protection laws. Legal reforms should be accompanied by technological solutions, such as age-verification mechanisms and parental control tools, to enhance the safety of children’s online experiences. Moreover, collaboration between government agencies, educational institutions, and the private sector is essential to developing an effective child data protection ecosystem. 4. Conclusions and Future ResearchThe study concludes that Iran must establish a legal framework similar to the GDPR to ensure children's online safety. Key recommendations include:Raising the legal age of consent for data processing to 18 to align with international child protection standards.Mandating the use of clear and comprehensible language in privacy policies for children to ensure transparency and informed decision-making.Introducing strict regulations limiting the commercial use of children's data and prohibiting targeted advertising practices that exploit minors.Recognizing and enforcing children's right to data deletion to protect them from potential digital harm.Implementing digital literacy programs to educate children and parents about online privacy risks and responsible internet use.Establishing an independent regulatory body dedicated to monitoring and enforcing child data protection laws.Encouraging private sector compliance with ethical data handling practices through incentives and penalties.Promoting cross-sectoral collaboration between government agencies, tech companies, and advocacy groups to ensure a holistic approach to child data protection.Conducting periodic assessments and revisions of child data protection policies to keep pace with technological advancements and emerging threats.Enhancing international cooperation to adopt best practices from global data protection frameworks and ensure seamless integration into Iran’s legal landscape.By adopting these measures, Iran can create a safer digital landscape for children, ensuring their fundamental right to privacy is protected in the evolving digital age. Addressing legislative gaps and fostering a culture of data privacy awareness will ultimately empower children to navigate the digital world securely and responsibly.

Objective: This research provides a comparative analysis of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union and the data protection laws of the United States, aiming to offer suggestions for improving data protection laws in Iran.Methods: The study employs a mixed-methods approach, using both qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection and analysis. Data were gathered through library research, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews, and were analyzed using SPSS software.Results: The findings revealed that the GDPR includes a comprehensive and unified framework for the protection of personal data, emphasizing transparency, consent, and notification. In contrast, the United States lacks a comprehensive federal law and relies on a collection of sectoral and state laws. Additionally, the implementation of the GDPR has led to increased transparency and accountability for businesses, whereas U.S. laws have resulted in greater complexity.Conclusions:The recommendations for improving data protection laws in Iran include drafting a comprehensive and unified law similar to the GDPR, creating effective enforcement mechanisms, increasing public awareness and education, utilizing successful experiences from other countries, adapting laws to the specific needs of Iranian society and its legal system, strengthening the role of regulatory bodies, encouraging the use of new technologies in data protection, and fostering collaboration between public and private sectors.

The neoclassical growth model is tested by use of panel data procedure in this research. In the econometric test, simoultanously time series and cross detection will be compared on the basis of panel data method through which their observed points increase and consequently the estimation efficiency will be increased. The examination of neoclassical growth theory has been done with reference to external & internal factors of 52 selected countries from 1960 to 2000. The independent variable of model has been selected on the basis of the result of previous research which explains the result in three separate models: developed countries, developing countries, and whole countries. These factors are such as: Gross National Products with lag of period, work force age, growth rate, education level, the change of capital accumulation and economic trade volum. The consequences of this research is that: neoclassical growth model can explain the major part of economic growth of the countries with use of internal variables. Also with the use of panel procedure of fixed effect, we can see the fundamental differences and structure of the growth process for different countries; and show how the economic, and social conditions affect on the growth.

The issue of online privacy and security is a challenging subject, as it concerns the privacy of data that are increasingly more accessible via the internet. In other words, people who intend to access the private information of other users can do so more efficiently over the internet. This study is an attempt to address the privacy issue of distributed big data in the context of cloud computing. One of the cases where data privacy is of great importance is the authentication and protection of ownership data. In this paper, this privacy issue is analyzed by Petri net modeling. What today’ s organizations need for their clouds are integrated comprehensive solutions that can deliver security intelligence. Advanced security intelligence solutions can close security gaps by using labor-saving automation to analyze millions of events occurring within the cloud, and discover system vulnerabilities through the normalization and correlation of these events. Using the proposed method, a model of security, including control of user access to databases of big data with RMS, the multiplicity and the virtual machine to prevent internal threats, deleting data, insecure or incomplete data protection and control of a third-party can be provided to improve the operation according to the rules of Petri net modeling and simulation.

Criminal protection of personal data faces challenges; the subject of a crime is limited to "sensitive personal data". The E-commerce law is a special law and approved in 2003, and the Islamic Penal Code is a general law approved in 2013. In January 2012, a draft law on data protection and privacy in cyberspace was issued that, if they become law, the validity of the rules of the E-C law and the relationship of these regulations will be a new challenge. If the bill is lawful, what law would be governing in the cases of a void or a legal conflict? Equivalent to the hypothesis, the principle of the "general uncertainty of a particular universe is not primitive" is not applicable here, and in cases of void or legal conflict, in the domain of cyberspace, which would be a prominent feature of being present, the lawyer's new request must be applied.